Judge wrong to award $1.5m to Bill Spedding, After police wrongfully prosecuted the washer repairman in September 2014 while investigating the whereabouts of the three-year-old, Mr. Spedding was awarded $1.5 million in December of same year by a court in NSW, which had previously been ordered to pay the money.
The Director of Public Prosecutions and NSW Police kept the case against Mr. Spedding, in which fabricated allegations of previous sexual assault against two girls were brought, for an improper reason, as stated by NSW Supreme Court Justice Ian Harrison.
On Tuesday, NSW’s attorney Stephen Free SC sought to have this ruling overturned, claiming that Justice Harrison incorrectly applied the law and reached incorrect conclusions in favor of Mr. Spedding.
While the judge named the three police officers who were looking into Mr. Spedding and who initially accused him of sexual abuse, Mr. Free argued that no one was named in the Office of the DPP about the purportedly malicious prosecution.
Because it doesn’t focus on the specific act or specific people at certain times, that kind of approach is likely to result in error, he told the NSW Court of Appeal.
The court was informed that without naming specific members of the ODPP, it was impossible to judge their motivations and decide whether they were bringing the case against Mr. Spedding with malice.
Additionally, there was no proof that the director or those in his employ, including Inspector Gary Jubelin, who publicly stated that the purpose of the legal proceedings was to implicate Mr. Spedding in William’s abduction, had been working together with police officials.
I had to compare the costs of charging Bill with the costs of doing nothing as the person in charge of the inquiry and discovered the scales did not balance. He stated in his book, I Catch Killers, “The cost of doing nothing was worse.
According to Mr. Free, there was no proof that Mr. Jubelin made the crucial choice to charge Mr. Spedding.
Nothing indicated that Mr. Jubelin’s ulterior purpose was shared by the other police officers working on the matter or the personnel at the ODPP, the barrister continued.
Justice Harrison also made a mistake when she concluded that the DPP had not acted reasonably in accusing Mr. Spedding of sexual assault in April 2015 or in pursuing the case.
Despite a not guilty verdict being eventually rendered in March 2018, prosecutors were not obligated to review additional information that was made available to NSW Police that demonstrated the allegations were false and were permitted to carry the case to trial.
The prosecutor should not take over a jury’s duties, according to Mr. Free.
In the past 28 days (8 May to 4 June 2023), over 1.7 million new cases and over 10,000 deaths were reported globally, down 38% and 47%, respectively, from the previous 28 days (10 April to 7 May 2023). 144 of 243 (59%) countries and territories reported at least one case throughout the course of the 28-day reporting period. At the regional level, there have been fewer cases and fatalities in each of the six WHO regions. Globally, 6.9 million fatalities and over 767 million confirmed cases had been reported as of June 4, 2023.
This edition’s contents include:
The global and regional levels of the COVID-19 epidemiological update An update on hospital stays and admissions to the ICU A report on the SARS-CoV-2 variations under monitoring (VUM) and variants of interest (VOI)
Vaccine efficacy against Omicron and its descendent lineages for both the initial series and booster shots
preventing COVID-19 in yourself and others
Get vaccinated You will have increased protection against COVID-19-related severe disease thanks to the COVID-19 vaccinations. We heed the advise of the Australian Technical Advisory Group (ATAGI), which makes suggestions regarding who ought to get vaccines.
You are best protected if you keep up with your vaccinations.
Maintain physical distance More distance between you and other people makes it more difficult for the virus to spread.
Physical separation entails:
Avoiding physical greetings like hugs, kisses, and handshakes
taking extra precautions on public transportation
avoiding large crowds and gatherings practicing good hygiene,
getting tested, and staying at home if you have any cold or flu symptoms.
10 Best Travel Destination In USA, Finding moments of calm and inner serenity in a fast-paced society packed with endless demands and diversions is crucial for our general well-being. Fortunately, the United States has a wide range of charming locations that give the ideal retreat from the stress of daily life. The United States is home to a plethora of undiscovered treasures that may revitalize your mind, body, and soul, whether you long for seclusion in the middle of beautiful natural landscapes or prefer a peaceful atmosphere in charming communities.
Here are 10 Best Travel Destination For Peace Of Mind In USA
10 Best Travel Destination In USA
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Mackinac Island In Michigan
On Mackinac Island, which is located between Michigan’s Upper and Lower Peninsulas, you may tour the historic Fort Mackinac, ride in horse-drawn carriages by means of car-free roads, see fudge being produced, and then indulge in some of it. On this continental island located in Lake Huron, you may go on hikes, bike rides, kayak excursions, and snap photographs of the stunning limestone Arch Rock. Mackinac Island State Park is also located here.
Mobile In Alabama
This port city, which is on the Gulf Coast of Alabama, provides a range of activities for all ages, from the adjacent Bellingrath Gardens and Battleship Memorial Park to art museums and airboat rides. Visit Mo’Bay Beignet Co. to satisfy your sweet appetite, the Mobile Carnival Museum to learn about Mardi Gras, and the Dora Franklin Finley African-American Heritage Trail to learn about local history.
Door County In Wisconsin
Wisconsin’s Door County, with its 300 miles of shoreline along Lake Michigan and any kind of water sport you can think of, is hard to match for an unexpected lakefront getaway. It is possible to do paddleboarding, kayaking, fishing, water skiing, scuba diving near shipwrecks, and other water sports at this Midwest getaway. For those who prefer to stick around, there is also a strong beer and wine scene, interesting art galleries, as well as hiking, biking, and other activities at its five state parks.
Mystic In Connecticut
This New England town may bring back memories of the 1980s movie “Mystic Pizza,” but it’s much more wonderful in person. Sailboat rides, zip lines at TreeTrails Adventure Park, animal viewing at Denison Pequotsepos Nature Center, and downtown shopping are all options. After being a slice at the well-known pizza shop, tour the area, according to 10Best contributor Linda Laban, who believes it is currently one of the nation’s top dining destinations.
Chicago In Illinois
The Field Museum, National Museum of Mexican Art, Adler Planetarium, Shedd Aquarium, White Sox and Cubs games, and Centennial Wheel rides at Navy Pier are just a few of the many attractions in Chicago. However, according to subject matter expert Shea Peters, “What most people outside of Chicago won’t tell you about [are] the gorgeous beaches of Lake Michigan…In the summer, families can be seen swimming and grilling at 57th St. Beach, which is just off Lake Shore Drive. It seems like the entire city is getting together every weekend.
Hocking Hills In Ohio
This southeast Ohio summer vacation destination offers a variety of activities, such as canopy tours and zip lines, as well as relaxing at the Inn & Spa at Cedar Falls, horseback riding at Blue Moon Acres, and taking in a live performance at Stuart’s Opera House. Hocking Hills State Park, with its beautiful trails, waterfalls, and caves, is the main attraction in this area. According to expert Kyle McCarthy, other attractions in the area include farm-to-table cuisine, river sports, rolling hills, lots of hiking, and Native American lore.
Crystal River In Florida
You may find Crystal River, a lovely Gulf Coast hamlet that showcases the state’s natural beauty without the tourists, around 80 miles north of Tampa. Kyle McCarthy, an expert, suggests it because of its relaxed hotels, seafood restaurants, water sports, sporting chances, and availability of family activities. The river is gorgeous and clear for swimming in the summer, but you might see more manatees in the warm Homosassa Springs water in the winter, says McCarthy.
Asheville In North Carolina
The River Arts District, Asheville Art Museum, Moogseum, downtown galleries, The Orange Peel, The Grey Eagle, and Thomas Wolfe Auditorium are just a few of the vibrant art and music venues in this quirky, forward-thinking mid-sized city tucked away in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Other attractions include the well-known Biltmore Estate, which is the biggest house in America, and delightful drives along the Blue Ridge Parkway.
Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk In New York
Rockaway Beach is as entertaining as the song promises. It was formerly the topic of a song by the renowned punk band The Ramones. According to expert Shea Peters, This is one of the best city beaches in the Northeast, and you can ride the subway there. She adds that despite being a family-friendly spot, it usually has more adults than kids developing sandcastles. Along the boardwalk, there are plenty of affordable food and drink options, as well as art and music. Additionally, you may always remain here and visit Manhattan for the day.
Shenandoah Valley In Virginia
This scenic valley, which is home to Shenandoah National Park as well as farms, wineries, and some incredibly lovely and serene roads, is located between the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains. According to expert Jamie Davis Smith, This lovely mountain area is full of hikes for all ability levels and stays surprisingly cool throughout the summer months.” Expert Annita Thomas suggests “Don’t miss the Roanoke Star for an iconic Instagrammable photo.
Washington, D.C. The U.S. will return to the United Nations’ educational and scientific body after a five-year absence that started with Donald Trump’s administration, according to the Biden administration.
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US aims to rejoin UN scientific and educational organization
According to the State Department, a letter requesting re-admission to the Paris-based organization known as UNESCO was delivered late last week. Richard Verma, the deputy secretary of state for management, allegedly offered “a plan for the U.S. to rejoin the organization” in a letter dated June 8, according to the department.
We think that UNESCO leadership will present our recommendation to the membership in the coming days. Any such action would require approval from UNESCO’s current membership, the department mentioned in a statement.
The proposal’s specifics were not immediately evident. The United States owes the organization a substantial sum of money for past-due dues payments. To pay for a return to UNESCO, the administration set aside $150 million earlier this year in its current budget plan.
Since their ideological disagreements during the Cold War and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict more recently, the U.S. and UNESCO have had a tumultuous relationship. The United States of America left UNESCO in 1983 under the leadership of former President Ronald Reagan, but George W. Bush brought the country back in 2002. In 2017, Trump cut ties with the organization due to what he claimed was its anti-Israel bias. At the same time, Israel also announced its departure, which became effective in January 2018.
When the Biden administration initially assumed office, it declared its intention to re-join UNESCO. And when the budget for the upcoming fiscal year was revealed in March, According to John Bass, Under Secretary of State for Management, the administration thought that entering UNESCO would strengthen the United States in its global competition with China, which has made substantial donations to U.N. organizations.
Getting back with UNESCO will “help us address a key opportunity cost that our absence is creating in our global competition with China,” he noted.
From my perspective, with a clear-eyed set of interests, we can no longer afford to be dropping from one of the primary fora where norms surrounding education for science and technology are defined, Bass said.
If we are really serious about competing with China in the digital age And in other instances where UNESCO’s mission is being carried out, he kept going, our absence is noted and undermines our ability to be as effective in advancing our vision of a free world.
Many people consider their dogs to be members of their families, and several New York City eateries are joining this growing trend.
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NYC dining establishments cater For Dogs and Owner
La Contenta Oeste in Lower Manhattan has a menu for dogs instead of a kids’ menu. The dishes are made specifically for four-legged diners who enjoy outside dining and utilize ingredients of a human grade. Chef Luis Arce Mota, the business’s owner, takes care to omit ingredients like garlic, onion, avocado, and salt that are unhealthy or might be detrimental for dogs.
Boris & Horton, which started in the East Village and just launched a second shop in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, is another company that caters to both dogs and their owners. Logan Mikhly, a co-owner of the dog café and coffee shop, claimed that a lot of their patrons are looking for activities to engage in with the dogs that they adopted during the worldwide epidemic.People do want to spoil their dogs, according to the general trend in dog ownership, Mikhly noted at her Williamsburg cafe.
The American Pet Products Association predicts that this year, over $144 billion will be spent on pets overall, but it is challenging to predict how much each individual owner will spend.
It’s hard for us to know what the potential cost of ownership would be because there are so many different things you can buy, according to Mallory Kerley of Muddy Paws Rescue, a pet adoption organization in New York City. “When it comes to spending money, the sky’s the limit.”
The average charge at Boris & Horton is almost twice as much as what a customer would pay at a typical coffee shop in the neighborhood, according to Mikhly, who said she attempts to keep everything in stock that correspond with a variety of pricing points. She explains that by saying that customers bought toys and snacks for their pets while they were there.
There are a few various types of revenue streams, which is one of the reasons I believe this is a business that makes sense,” said Mikhly. La Contenta Oeste and Boris & Horton both claim that they strictly adhere to the regulations established by the New York City Health Department regarding dining with dogs. This includes keeping dogs out of areas where food and drinks are prepared or served.
At La Contenta Oeste, the food is served to the owners on disposable plates because servers aren’t permitted to serve food to dogs.
Boris & Horton is split into two separate areas so that canines can hang out off-leash while their owners have coffee. Each half has its own address, staff members, and double doors connect the two sides.
While some pets adore them, not every pet is a good fit for a place that allows canines. According to Kerley, it’s critical to pay attention to how a dog feels in a novel setting.
Again, she continued, “Our dogs can’t verbally express that they’re uncomfortable, but they most definitely can with their body language.”
It could be time to say goodbye if a pet is hiding within someone’s legs or has their ears pushed back.
SEC Goes After Crypto Exchanges In 2023, they filed two harsh complaints against Coinbase and Binance within a 24-hour period, alleging that they ran unauthorized securities exchanges in the United States. The actions mark a significant uptick in the SEC’s effort to control a market that has long operated in a legal shadow. The repercussions were severe for Coinbase, as its stock encountered a merciless pummeling on Tuesday, plummeting by over 12%. Likewise, Binance faced the exodus of nearly $800 million in investments from its platform within that same 24-hour span.
Why SEC Goes After Crypto Exchanges In 2023
These lawsuits have set the stage for protracted legal battles, potentially spanning months, or even years, until resolutions are reached. Meanwhile, countless American investors and proponents of digital assets find themselves caught in a state of limbo. The burning question that engulfs their minds is whether any safe havens remain for crypto trading. Bloomberg columnist Matt Levine posited a prudent rule of thumb, suggesting that all cryptocurrency exchanges partake in unlawful activities, and if fortune favors you, your chosen exchange is merely engaged in procedural transgressions.
To elaborate, from the standpoint of the SEC, the preeminent regulator of Wall Street, nearly every crypto exchange operating within the United States is deemed illegal. This classification stems from the regulator’s view that virtually all crypto tokens, except for bitcoin (which will be discussed later), fall under the purview of securities. Engaging in securities-related activities necessitates proper licensure. Coinbase, however, puts forth a reasonable argument asserting that the SEC already sanctioned its business model when granting approval for its public debut in 2021. Moreover, the company claims to have diligently collaborated with regulatory bodies to ensure strict adherence to legal requirements.
Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong voiced the frustration of being unable to find a viable path for registration, reiterating this sentiment through a series of tweets on Tuesday. He lamented, Instead of presenting a lucid regulatory framework, the SEC has adopted an enforcement-oriented approach. Thus, if resorting to legal recourse is necessary for gaining clarity, so be it.
Murky regulations
The absence of regulatory clarity frequently elicits dissatisfaction among cryptocurrency firms, contending that the United States is compelling the industry’s relocation abroad and relinquishing control to foreign regulators who have established more explicit guidelines. While that viewpoint may hold some truth, Gary Gensler, the outspoken critic of cryptocurrencies and the prominent overseer at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), appears indifferent to such concerns. Allow me to elucidate: Gensler expressed, during an interview with CNBC on Tuesday, his belief that the proliferation of digital currencies is unnecessary. According to him, we already possess digital currencies, namely the US dollar, the euro, and the yen. All of these currencies exist in digital form at present. Moreover, digital investments are already prevalent.
Gensler’s message to investors is clear: the SEC is committed to their protection. The investing public benefits from the application of US securities laws. Cryptocurrencies should be held to the same standard, and these platforms and intermediaries must adhere to regulatory compliance, he emphasized. The SEC’s simultaneous pursuit of civil cases establishes the foundation for potential legal action and subsequent judicial review, which could compel Congress to take action. Analysts at TD Cowen expressed their enduring belief that only Congress possesses the authority to bring an end to the policy turbulence that has enveloped the cryptocurrency sphere over the past year.
They contend that regardless of the judge’s ruling, this litigation might not bode well for Coinbase but could positively impact the overall crypto space by propelling it closer to definitive regulatory guidelines. In the interim, Reena Aggarwal, the director of Georgetown University’s Psaros Center for Financial Markets and Policy, advises US investors to exercise caution when selecting platforms for cryptocurrency trading. She firmly believes that US regulators are pursuing crypto firms with great vigor and expects this stance to remain unchanged. Aggarwal identifies Bitcoin and ether futures traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange as safer options due to the exchange’s regulated status. Additionally, she mentions the availability of Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) linked to Bitcoin futures offered by traditional financial firms.
Remarkably, despite the ongoing regulatory crackdown, Bitcoin, the world’s premier and most popular cryptocurrency, experienced a surge on Tuesday. This can be attributed, in part, to the SEC’s classification of Bitcoin as a commodity falling under the purview of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). After a 6% decline on Monday, Bitcoin rebounded on Tuesday, surpassing the $27,000 mark in afternoon trading. Ed Moya, a senior market analyst at Oanda, notes that many crypto investors seem to be abandoning alternative cryptocurrencies, commonly known as “alt-coins,” and instead remaining loyal to the relatively more reliable original virtual currency.
To sum it up: Moya suggests that the SEC’s actions resemble a game of Whac-A-Mole when it comes to regulating crypto exchanges. Consequently, crypto investors must carefully consider their confidence in the continued availability of trading options across various exchanges. Undoubtedly, uncertainty prevails. Nonetheless, it is worth highlighting that crypto trading, even under the most favorable circumstances, has always demanded nerves of steel due to its inherently high-risk nature.
SEC sues Coinbase for allegedly acting
Coinbase has illicitly generated billions of dollars by facilitating the trade of crypto asset securities, as stated in a press release by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) dating back to 2019. The SEC pointed out that Coinbase has combined the conventional roles of an exchange, broker, and clearing agency without fulfilling the necessary registration requirements mandated by the Commission.
The failure of Coinbase to register has resulted in the deprivation of significant investor safeguards, according to the SEC. In response, Brian Armstrong, the CEO of Coinbase, expressed on Twitter his pride in representing the industry in court to obtain clarity regarding cryptocurrency regulations. However, Armstrong also criticized the SEC for approving Coinbase’s business operations during its public listing in 2021.
Armstrong emphasized that there was no viable option for Coinbase to register, despite repeated attempts. He further lamented the SEC’s approach of enforcing regulations without providing a clear set of guidelines, which he believes is detrimental to the United States. Should it be necessary to seek clarity through legal channels, Coinbase is prepared to take that course.
Paul Grewal, Coinbase’s chief legal officer, echoed Armstrong’s sentiments and suggested that the ideal solution lies in legislative measures that promote transparent development of fair rules for the industry, rather than relying solely on litigation.
On Tuesday, the shares of Coinbase experienced a decline of more than 12%. The lawsuit against Coinbase follows a similar complaint filed by the SEC against Binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange. In the 24 hours following the SEC’s lawsuit against Binance, investors withdrew approximately $790 million from the platform and its US affiliate, according to data firm Nansen.
Binance witnessed a net outflow of $778.6 million in crypto tokens on the ethereum blockchain, while Binance.US, its US affiliate, recorded net outflows of $13 million, as reported by Nansen on Twitter.
In response to the SEC’s allegations, a spokesperson for Binance expressed the company’s serious consideration of the claims. However, they argued that the accusations were unjustified and that Binance was being targeted due to its size and prominent reputation.
The escalating regulatory crackdown has left crypto investors apprehensive, particularly following the collapse of FTX, a once-promising platform that is now the subject of a significant federal fraud investigation. Since then, the prices of digital assets have plummeted, prompting intensified scrutiny from regulatory bodies.
Crypto companies have consistently opposed the classification of their products as traditional securities or commodities, asserting that they represent an entirely new form of digital asset requiring customized rules and regulations. The SEC, in contrast, maintains that most crypto offerings should be regulated in the same manner as stocks and bonds on Wall Street. The lawsuits against two prominent players in the crypto industry could potentially serve as catalysts for addressing regulatory concerns through litigation and subsequent judicial reviews, ultimately motivating Congress to take action.
According to analysts at TD Cowen, while the litigation may not favor Coinbase directly, it could lead to positive outcomes for the broader crypto space by bringing it closer to establishing definitive regulatory guidelines, irrespective of the court’s ruling.
We champion diversity and inclusion every day to pave the way for a more inclusive and equitable financial future.
At Binance US, diversity, equity, and inclusion are values we celebrate every day. Our mission is to empower people from all walks of life to access the world of crypto. That’s why we actively celebrate and recognize team members from diverse backgrounds, so that our workplace embodies values that resonate with the communities we serve.
Employee Groups for All Identities
To help foster inclusion and belonging, our Employee Research Groups (ERGs) are designed to support and connect employees who share common values, identities, interests, experiences, and more.
These spaces are essential for fostering cultural awareness, promoting unity, and combating prejudice and discrimination. Engaging in conversations and educating ourselves about our different community’s experiences can create an inclusive environment and work towards social justice and equity for all. ERGs are not exclusive to just members of a specific ethnicity either, as we firmly believe that you do not have to BE to BELONG.
Examples of ERGs at Binance.US include groups focused on women in the workplace, mental health, employees with disabilities, and many others focusing on Black, AAPI, LGBTQ+, and Indigenous cultures — to name a few.
Celebrating Diversity at Binance.US
In addition to our ERGs, our People Team organizes special programming throughout the year to foster unity among team members. This May, we curated a series of events to honor and support our team members who identify as Asian American and Pacific Islanders.
Celebrations included a trivia challenge about the AAPI community and its accomplishments, a food fest showcasing cuisine from Asian cultures, a surprise giveaway for those who shared pictures of cultural celebrations and traditions, and an employee-hosted panel discussion where leaders shared stories about growing up as immigrants in the U.S and Canada. The panel featured team members from within the organization sharing their diverse experiences as Asian Americans and served as a wrap-up to our celebration of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) Month.
Members of our team discuss their diverse experiences as Asian Americans.
The discussion encompassed a wide range of topics, including the immigrant experience, preserving traditions and even a healthy dose of KPOP — before circling back to the world of crypto. One panelist shared why she was drawn to the crypto industry:
“Crypto is really beautiful because you don’t have to get into an Ivy League school to get an education. There are many ways to learn and crypto allows you to learn in non-traditional formats […]. It’s a great way to learn about politics, finance, education, and more — all in one.”
Blockchain technology embodies the principles of decentralization, transparency, and inclusivity. Events like AAPI Heritage Month remind us of the strength that comes from embracing different perspectives and experiences. By embracing the AAPI community – as well as the many others that make up Binance.US – and supporting their unique contributions, we further create a more inclusive ecosystem for everyone to thrive in.
At Binance.US, we recognize the power of bringing together people from various backgrounds and perspectives and fostering a community that reflects the inclusive nature of blockchain technology. As we enter June, we eagerly anticipate engaging in conversations with the LGBTQIA+ community to honor Pride Month and uphold our commitment to this mission.
If you’re interested in joining Binance.US and adding your voice and perspective to our workplace, visit our careers page to see our current openings.
Different types of crypto nodes form the infrastructure of any crypto blockchain.
Crypto nodes are a fundamental concept in understanding how blockchains and crypto transactions work. Like a lot of blockchain jargon, “crypto nodes” might sound like something confusing and technically complex, but the topic can actually be broken down quite simply.
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Back to basics: How blockchains work
To understand crypto nodes, we first have to have a handle on what a blockchain is and how it works.
The blockchain that underpins a cryptocurrency or token can be thought of as a transaction ledger. New transactions make up blocks, which can be compared to the pages of a paper ledger.
Unlike traditional financial systems, the ledger — the record of all of the transactions which have taken place and how much each user holds — isn’t held by a single administrator, such as a merchant or a bank or a credit card company. Instead, the ledger is decentralized.
So what exactly does “decentralized” mean? You might initially guess that it’s like splitting the ledger up into individual pages and storing them in different places. Using computer networking, the pages could then be reassembled into a complete ledger when necessary.
However, this approach would have some serious drawbacks. If individual pages of the ledger were ever lost, the transaction records they contained would be lost as well, and it would get harder and harder to reconcile the overall ledger.
How do we solve the problem of keeping the blockchain transaction ledger decentralized without running the risk of data being lost? Let’s take a look.
The role of crypto nodes
A blockchain is made up of crypto nodes, which allow blockchains to be decentralized without the danger of losing transaction data integrity.
In a generic sense, the word “node” simply means an intersection point that’s part of a network. Crypto nodes make up the blockchain network of a particular cryptocurrency or token.
When new transactions are added to a blockchain, the block broadcasts the information to all of the nodes in the blockchain network. If the nodes agree on the validity of the transactions, then they are added to the block “ledger.”
Each node holds an up-to-date record of the transactions that have taken place. Each node is not just one page of the ledger, but the entire ledger, or at least (depending on the exact type of node) the ledger’s current “bottom line.”
The more complete nodes a blockchain has, the more secure it becomes. Even if bad actors were to attempt to commit fraud by altering data in one particular node, the altered data would be rejected by the other nodes because it doesn’t match up.
If the data in a particular node is lost entirely, then the rest of the network isn’t impacted the way a paper ledger would be by a lost page. In fact, even if the entire blockchain were lost except for one, it would still be possible to recover from that single remaining node.
In short, nodes serve absolutely essential functions as the infrastructure and custodial authority of a blockchain.
So coming back to our earlier question about what a blockchain is made of, you can see how “nodes” is just as valid an answer as “blocks.” In fact, nodes are actually more important than blocks, because without nodes, no new blocks can be added and existing blocks could be lost.
A crypto node can exist on many different types of devices, from servers to home PCs to smartphones, depending on computational and storage needs.
Different node types work in different ways depending on the protocol of a particular blockchain and their role in it.
Types of crypto nodes
Altogether, blockchain experts classify nodes into 10 different types. Keep in mind that some node types are subclasses of others. Not all of the types are equally important, and not all of them are used in every blockchain.
Full nodes
Everything we have said about crypto nodes up to this point applies to full nodes. Full nodes are the servers that allow a decentralized blockchain network to function. They hold together the consensus of the blockchain and verify data.
In addition to maintaining the blockchain as it is, full nodes are also the determiners of where the blockchain is going. When there’s a proposal for a change to a blockchain’s functions, a majority of full nodes must usually agree to it. This process can lead to what is known as a fork.
Full nodes fall into two classes: archival and pruned. The archival full node class itself includes several subtypes.
Archival full nodes
An archival full node has the capabilities of a full node but also functions as an archival repository of the entire blockchain database. Archival full nodes allow for querying historical data about transactions.
Within the classification of archival nodes, there is a further variety of subtypes: authority, miner, staking, and master nodes.
Authority nodes
Not all blockchains are 100% decentralized. Some of them are only partially decentralized, with some control in the hands of an organization or community.
In these blockchains, authority nodes are what authorize new nodes to join the network. They broadcast information to and manage access permissions for non-full nodes used by other participants.
Miner nodes
For many people who don’t have a high level of familiarity with crypto, cryptocurrency and mining go hand in hand. But not all cryptocurrencies and tokens can be mined. Mining is associated with blockchains that use a proof-of-work consensus mechanism, such as Bitcoin.
For crypto that can be mined, miner nodes try to solve a mathematical problem and then broadcast the solution to be verified by other nodes and added to the chain, receiving crypto as a reward.
Staking nodes
While mining nodes are used in blockchains with a proof-of-work consensus mechanism, staking nodes appear in networks like Ethereum, which use the proof-of-stake system.
Staking nodes are created by crypto holders locking down some of their holdings to use as collateral in hopes that the network will select them as a validator for new transactions and reward them with a fee.
Master nodes
Master nodes are full nodes that serve entirely custodial functions on the blockchain. They maintain the ledger and verify the integrity of new transactions, but they cannot add new blocks to the chain themselves.
As is the case of staking nodes, individuals running master nodes can receive free crypto as compensation for supporting the blockchain network.
Pruned full nodes
Pruned full nodes are the other primary full node class (after the archival full node with its subtypes).
Pruned full nodes verify transactions and maintain consensus on the blockchain, but they do not have a complete copy of the historical blockchain database. Instead, they delete blocks, starting with the oldest, to stay under a preset storage size limit.
Light nodes
Light nodes are the first type of non-full crypto nodes. Their role in the blockchain is purely to communicate information and facilitate transactions. They don’t have a full copy of the blockchain and cannot validate new blocks.
Lightning nodes
The next non-full node type is the lightning node (not to be confused with light nodes). These are used to establish connections outside of the full blockchain network, such as between a merchant and a customer.
A lightning node creates a channel between the two entities where funds can be deposited for goods or services. When the customer finishes, the channel closes and the balance of the transaction is broadcasted to the full network.
Super nodes
The final type of non-full node is the super node, a broad term used for nodes that perform specialized tasks which vary depending on the particular blockchain network. Examples of these include implementing technical upgrades or enforcing network rules.
Learning about and trading crypto with Binance.US
As is the case with most crypto-related terminology, you don’t need a high level of technical expertise to understand the concept of crypto nodes. Once you understand how nodes make up the fundamental infrastructure of blockchain networks, the rest starts to fall into place.
We believe in making crypto more understandable and accessible to all. If reading our educational resources has made you feel ready to start your crypto journey, register for a Binance.US account or download the Binance.US app today.
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This material has been prepared for general informational purposes only and should NOT be: (1) considered an individualized recommendation or endorsement of any digital asset or services discussed herein; and (2) relied upon for any investment activities. All information is provided on an as-is basis and is subject to change without notice. We make no representation or warranty of any kind, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, validity, reliability, availability, or completeness of any such information. Binance.US does NOT provide investment, legal, or tax advice in any manner or form. The ownership of any investment decision(s) exclusively vests with you after analyzing all possible risk factors and by exercising your own independent discretion. Binance.US shall not be liable for any consequences thereof.
When the warm summer weather rolls in, pool covers are pulled back and a cooling dip becomes a staple of the season.
Since swimming pools and summer go hand in hand, it’s the perfect time for a refresher on water safety.
Birth defects aside, drowning is the most common cause of death among children ages 1 to 4, according to the American Red Cross. Children younger than 1 are more likely to drown at home, while for those younger than 5, 87% of drowning incidents happen in home pools or hot tubs. As children age, lakes and ponds become a dangerous setting for potential drowning. Children 5 to 17 are more likely to drown in natural water such as this.
Dr. Corinne Bria, pediatric emergency medicine physician at Nemours Children’s Hospital in Orlando, Florida, said the single most important tool to prevent drowning in children is knowledge.
“As a pediatrician, it is my responsibility to educate parents and caregivers about how to prevent drownings,” she told Fox News Digital.
When it comes to water safety, pediatricians frequently discuss “direct supervision” or “touch supervision,” Bria said.
These are both important strategies to prevent drowning, which is a silent process, she added.
“Touch supervision means an adult is physically in the water, holding and playing with the children,” Bria said.
“Direct supervision means there is a designated adult, a water watcher, who is monitoring the children in and around the water,” Bria went on. “The water watcher sits by the pool or walks around the pool, continuously watching the children in and around the water.”
When it comes to water, tragedy could happen in a split second, so it is vital that there are eyes on children at all times.
If your child is just in a little bit of water, such as a miniature backyard pool or a slip and slide with a small pool of water at the bottom, you should continue to keep a close eye on them.
Infants and small children can drown in as little as 2 inches of water, including in bathtubs, toilets and 5-gallon buckets, Bria pointed out.
“It is important to supervise babies, toddlers and small children around all forms of water, both inside and outside the home,” she said.
For infants, most drown in bathtubs and buckets of water, according to the AAP. For preschool-aged children, the majority of drownings happen in swimming pools, according to the source.
Enclosing all pools with a fence is the single most effective way to prevent drownings, the AAP notes on its website.
Having a secure fence surrounding a pool can help keep children safe.(iStock)
The fence should have four sides, be at least 4 feet high, be climb-proof and have a self-closing, self-latching gate that children cannot reach.
Then, remember to keep the fence securely latched at all times, so a child can’t push through.
“Remember, drowning is silent and very different from what we see in movies or on TV,” Bria said. “If you find a person submerged in the water, get the person out of the water, call 911 and begin CPR.”
If you see a child drowning, pull them out as quickly as possible, call 911 and perform CPR.(iStock)
The process for assisting a child who has drowned is different based on their age and size.
“For puberty age, you’ll treat them as an adult,” said Steve Conti, firefighter, paramedic and AHA CPR instructor. “If you see body hair, you will treat them as an adult.”
“If you have questions about water safety, ask your pediatrician.”
Conti advises at least 100 hard and fast compressions per minute for an older child while using the heel of your palm at the center of the chest, bottom of the sternum.
You’ll want to check the carotid artery on the neck of the young adolescent for a pulse.
For a young, small child who cannot speak or communicate and is not adequately breathing, Conti advises checking the child’s brachial pulse inside the arm.
Proceed with 30 compressions per minute with two fingers.
“For children, the chest compressions should be slightly gentler than for adults,” he said.
“And it’s important to avoid over-inflation during breaths.”
Conti also advises being careful of a child’s neck in case of a fall.
Often, children will slip and fall into a pool and, unless an adult saw the accident, a head or neck injury without bleeding may not be easily diagnosed. It’s best to be as quick but gentle as possible when removing the child from the water.
While having knowledge of CPR is a start, learning from a professional and maintaining education could save a life.
“Your actions can truly make a difference between life and death and between full recovery and long-term disability,” said Conti. “Regularly refreshing your knowledge and skills in CPR, AED use and water safety can save lives.”
“If you have questions about water safety, ask your pediatrician,” Bria continued. “This is an important conversation to have.”
With a secure digital wallet and the right platform, sending Bitcoin is safe and easy.
Sending traditional fiat currency — or receiving it — can be frustrating. Fees add up and restrictions may vary from region to region. But how does all this apply to sending Bitcoin?
Why send or receive crypto?
There are many advantages to sending or receiving crypto instead of using a traditional money transfer service. Some of the biggest include time saved, lower fees, and limited information disclosure.
With traditional transfers, the money can take three to six business days to arrive in the receiver’s account and requires a substantial fee for same-day deposits. With crypto, transfers take seconds.
Fees tend to be much lower when sending crypto as well. Traditional transfer services charge fees that can be up to 10% of the amount being transferred. But with many crypto payment apps, the fees are often less than 1%.
Traditional transfer services also often have an upper limit on how much you can transfer, which may differ from region to region. With cryptocurrencies, no such limit exists.
Finally, once you have established an account and verified your identity with a leading crypto platform, such as Binance.US, you can send or receive crypto securely without providing any additional potentially sensitive personal information.
Crypto basics to understand
Part of the reason you can send and receive crypto so quickly and securely is because of its underlying technology: blockchain.
A blockchain is an encrypted digital ledger distributed over a network of computers. It’s comprised of blocks, each of which records validated details about a digital transaction, such as the sale or transfer of crypto. Once added to the chain, the blocks are immutable.
The combination of validation — no block can be added until the transactions have been validated — and immutability enables the secure sending and receiving of cryptocurrency and other digital assets.
Each cryptocurrency carries two keys — or strings of characters — that encrypt data. A public key visible to anyone on the blockchain is akin to a street address and allows a sender to easily locate a receiver. The private key is secret and used by the sender to authorize the transaction.
A Bitcoin address is simply a condensed version of the public key. As with physical locations and physical packages, the Bitcoin address allows you to send Bitcoin from your virtual location to a recipient at theirs.
Addresses are just that — destinations. They aren’t meant to hold or store cryptocurrencies. To do that you’ll need a crypto wallet.
What’s a crypto wallet?
Unlike a traditional wallet that holds your fiat currency, a crypto wallet does not actually hold your cryptocurrency. Instead, a crypto wallet holds the public and private keys mentioned above.
The “actual” cryptocurrency is just an encrypted string of characters and numbers whose record becomes part of the transaction history locked in the immutable blockchain.
But to do anything with them, you’ll need a key — your private key safely stashed in your digital wallet. Some crypto platforms offer a digital wallet as part of their app or online system. Others offer a wallet you can download.
Alternatively, you can choose to purchase software or hardware wallets.
Software wallets
Software wallets are programs or apps that hold your crypto keys. Since they are software, they can be generalized or specialized for particular cryptocurrencies. They are available for your laptop, mobile device, or can reside entirely online.
Hardware wallets
Hardware wallets are as they sound: a device similar to a USB or hard drive that stores crypto key information. They offer the advantage of being somewhat disconnected from the network — authorization takes place on the hardware device, not on network-connected software.
So what kind of wallet should you use?
If you are fiercely protective of your crypto assets, a separate wallet — not a platform’s custodial one — may be best for you. As to the difference between software and hardware, it may come down to preference and ease of use.
Software wallets, especially mobile ones, tend to be very simple to use. And if making many rapid transactions is important, software wallets may give you an edge. If you make infrequent transactions and/or care more about safely storing your cryptocurrencies offline, the extra security nature of hardware wallets may be appealing.
But regardless of type, crypto wallets, like Trust Wallet, make sending and receiving Bitcoin super easy.
How to send and receive Bitcoin securely
It is possible to send or receive Bitcoin securely without a crypto wallet as many exchanges will allow exchange-to-exchange transfer of BTC. Crypto payment services and crypto platform apps may also enable sending and receiving without a separate wallet. Check your crypto platform or preferred crypto payment service to see what they offer.
But, overall, sending or receiving crypto works best from a digital wallet. Here are the basic steps to complete your transactions.
How to send Bitcoin in 3 simple steps
1. In your crypto wallet, choose “send” and enter the address you want to send the Bitcoin.
2. Enter the amount of Bitcoin you want to send.
3. Complete the transaction by clicking “send.”
How to receive Bitcoin in 2 simple steps
1. In your wallet, select “receive” or “generate a new address.”
2. Share that address with the person sending you Bitcoin.
Things to keep in mind when sending Bitcoin
Crypto transactions tend to be more permanent as blockchain’s immutability makes it impossible to simply “reverse a transaction.”
So, before you click send, triple-check the address to make sure the crypto is going to the right person. Since addresses are a string of characters and numbers that can look like nonsense, it’s important to carefully proofread each character before initiating a transfer.
To make sending easier, some companies, like Binance.US, offer the ability to send crypto to easy-to-remember Crypto Domains. These domains act like a URL domain, such as .binanceus, where you can easily send or receive crypto without having to remember or input a long, complicated wallet address. So, an addresses can change from a nonsensical string of characters to something as simple as me.binanceus. To learn more about Crypto Domains, click here.
Also, use only a secure, trusted service. Bitcoin’s integrity is protected by its cryptographic encryption, so it’s almost impossible to counterfeit it, and blockchain provides a highly secure transaction recording environment. But if the service you use isn’t secure, all bets are off.
The same goes for your personal information or private keys. If they’re stored with a platform service, your information and key are only as safe as the service is secure. Choose a platform partner wisely.
Tips for keeping your Bitcoin secure
Learning how to send Bitcoin safely is more than just knowing which buttons to click and which data to verify. The security of your Bitcoin — and your entire portfolio — depends on your vigilance and the steps you’re willing to take to keep your data safe.
Implement these suggestions into your security measures as you learn how to send Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.
1) Watch out for scams and threats
Giveaway scams
A giveaway scam involves persuading a victim to send Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency as a donation or with the promise that the victim will receive double or triple the original amount in return.
These types of scams can run from simple — impersonating a trusted individual — to incredibly complex — hacking a verified Twitter account or repurposing footage of a celebrity — all with the intention of separating you from your Bitcoin.
And because blockchain technology is extremely fast and irreversible, once the cryptocurrency leaves your wallet, you forfeit all rights and claims to the funds.
Avoid sending Bitcoin to strangers that promise future value in return — especially if it sounds too good to be true.
Rug pull scams
A rug pull scam (or exit scam) is one in which the creator of a cryptocurrency, NFT, or some other digital asset first convinces others to buy into their product or service.
Once the creator amasses enough funds, they abruptly abandon the project and disappear, keeping the cryptocurrency for themselves and pulling the rug out from underneath the buyers.
Rug pull scams are not unique to the blockchain and have actually been running in one form or another for decades in other financial sectors.
That’s why it’s essential that you learn as much as you can about this type of scam and keep a sharp, skeptical eye on any situation that involves your Bitcoin.
Technical support scams
A technical support scam involves a bad actor posing as a customer service representative of some sort — typically from the platform on which the victim conducts their cryptocurrency activities.
The bad actor will often claim that the victim’s account has been compromised and offer to fix it after the victim verifies their username and password.
Should the victim do so, their entire account balance becomes vulnerable, and the bad actor will often transfer the funds out in a matter of minutes while the victim is still unaware.
You can protect yourself against technical support scams by taking the following measures:
Verify every digital correspondence to ensure the sender isn’t fraudulent
Never authorize remote access to your computer or laptop
Always use two-factor authentication (2FA) when setting up your account (more on this later)
Never share 2FA codes with anyone
Never give out personal account details in any correspondence
And, if you ever receive an email or phone call claiming there is an issue with your account, contact the official customer support channel listed on the platform’s website first — don’t click any links or dial any phone numbers provided in the email or phone call.
Exchange attacks
An exchange attack is a direct hack against a crypto platform. Most exchanges have strong security, but it’s still possible for a determined hacker to find a way in and make off with funds.
This highlights the importance of doing your own research before getting involved with any platform and using a hardware wallet to keep your Bitcoin offline (more on this later).
Get-rich-quick scams
Get-rich-quick scams come in many shapes and sizes — from pyramid schemes to Ponzi schemes to investment fraud. All are designed to prey on the hope of the cryptocurrency holders and their desire to make money.
Ponzi schemes and pyramid scams promise high returns and then use the next round of “investment” — usually at a higher valuation — to pay off the previous set of buyers.
Investment scams, on the other hand, can be more difficult to identify. One example is when an “investment manager” reaches out to an individual with an “incredible investment opportunity” that requires the individual to transfer crypto to an online account or disclose their bank information ASAP in order to receive the profits. Scammers will often have legitimate-looking websites to make it all seem real. But once the individual tries to withdraw money from the platform, either he or she will either be blocked from withdrawing money or only be able to access their money by paying an exorbitant fee.
Even if the price of a project increases rapidly overnight, be wary of pump-and-dump schemes where the cryptocurrency is artificially inflated (pumped) and then sold off en masse (dumped) while retail buyers are still engaged in chasing the upward movement.
Like many of the other scams on this list, get-rich-quick schemes have existed for decades outside the cryptocurrency space. As such, bad actors have had plenty of time to perfect the details.
That doesn’t mean that all projects are fraudulent. It just means that you need to do your own research before getting involved.
Phishing scams
Phishing scams are popular ways for thieves to steal all kinds of information. Once they have this information, they can use it to access your accounts — be they of the traditional or cryptocurrency type — and transfer your funds wherever they choose.
Phishing scams are often conducted through emails or direct messages that look like they’re from a legitimate source.
The ultimate goal, though, is to get you to supply personal information, like your username, password, or details they can use to figure out the security questions you’ve set up on your account.
All of that so they can log in legitimately and transfer your cryptocurrency to another account.
SIM swap attacks
Another common threat you may encounter as you’re learning how to send Bitcoin safely is the SIM swap.
In this type of attack, a thief obtains information about you (usually through a phishing scam) so that they can obtain a new SIM card from your cellular provider.
With the new SIM in their device, they can pose as you, reset the login information on your platform account so that you no longer have access, and gain control of any cryptocurrency they find there.
2) Keep your private key secure
Your private key is a long series of letters (both lowercase and uppercase), numbers, and symbols combined in random order to create a password that you use to access the funds in your crypto wallet in order to buy, sell, trade, or withdraw.
Because your private key gives access to everything, it’s essential that you never share your private key and that you keep it as secret and secure as possible.
3) Use a hardware wallet for long-term storage
Most crypto platforms provide a software wallet (a.k.a. a hot wallet) in which you can securely store your BTC, ETH, and other cryptocurrencies.
While software wallets are convenient, they can be less secure because they are always connected to the internet, and, therefore, more susceptible to attack by hackers.
To eliminate this risk, consider using a hardware wallet (a.k.a. a cold wallet) for long-term storage.
A cold wallet is similar to a portable hard drive or flash drive. After you transfer the data to the drive, you can sever the connection completely by removing it from the host computer.
To access the data again, you plug in the cold wallet, initiate a transaction, and then remove the drive when the transaction is complete.
Depending on the type of hardware wallet you use, the interface between it and the computer, the transfer speed, and a host of other technical details, it usually takes more time to access the funds stored there.
For that reason, it may not be the best option if you have to initiate transactions as quickly as possible.
But, if you know you’re not going to be sending the cryptocurrency stored there for a while, you might be better served by transferring some of your funds to an offline medium.
4) Set up two-factor authentication
Whatever type of crypto account you maintain (be it one with a software wallet or one with a hardware wallet), consider adding another layer of security by setting up two-factor authentication whenever possible.
With two-factor authentication in place, the platform provides an additional code — either via email, push notification, or some other means of rapid communication — that you must enter in addition to your username and password in order to gain access to your account.
Yes, it’s just one more step in the process of learning how to send Bitcoin securely, but the few seconds it takes to verify your identity can help keep your cryptocurrency from falling into the wrong hands.
5) Don’t share details about your holdings
When you learn how to send Bitcoin, grow your portfolio, and make other good moves in the crypto market, you naturally want to share your success with others. But it’s better to not do so in this case.
Avoid bragging, play things as close to the vest as possible, and keep as many of the details about your holdings private.
If you talk about your portfolio too publicly, you may come to the attention of the fraudsters, bad actors, hackers, and thieves mentioned earlier who may try to perpetrate any number of scams to separate you from your hard-earned cryptocurrency.
Send and receive Bitcoin with the right crypto platform
Figuring out how to send Bitcoin is relatively straightforward — especially if you have a crypto wallet. Perhaps the most important component of buying, selling, or trading, though, is having the best crypto platform partner.
Here are a few things you’ll want to look for in a crypto partner for the long haul.
Security. Above all else, make sure your personal information is safe and look for a platform that uses two-factor identification in addition to anti-theft tactics.
Services. A strong platform will offer more than just simple buy or sell functionality. More advanced features that will allow trading over time can help your Bitcoin grow so you have more to send!
Fees. As we saw with traditional money transfers and payment services, transaction fees can quickly erode the value of what you’re sending or make it prohibitively expensive to do so. Consider both the normal Bitcoin network transaction fees and any charged by the platform.
Ease of use. The basic steps to send or receive Bitcoin are fairly straightforward. Make sure the platform you choose allows you to easily send and receive BTC, so you always know what’s going on and what you have to do next to achieve your goals.
Keeps you smart. The right platform partner will keep you ahead of the learning curve so that your crypto experience isn’t a trial-by-error ordeal. Check out its educational resources and the range they cover so you can be prepared for all things crypto.
